Chanbara (チャンバラ), also commonly spelled 'chambara', meaning 'sword fighting' movies, denotes the Japanese film genre called samurai cinema in English and is roughly equivalent to western cowboy and swashbuckler films. Chanbara is a sub-category of jidaigeki, which equates to period drama. William Adams (Royal Navy officer) (died 1748), British naval officer William Adams (Royal Navy officer, born 1716) (1716–1763), British naval officer William Adams (sailor, born 1564) (1564–1620), English sailor and samurai in Japan William E. Adams (1939–1971), US Army officer and Medal of Honor recipient; William Wirt Adams (1819–1888), Confederate States of America army.

Yasuke (variously rendered as 弥助 or 弥介, 彌助 or 彌介 in different sources.^[1]) was a retainer of African origin who served under the Sengoku Period Japanese daimyōOda Nobunaga.^[2][3] Yasuke arrived to Japan in 1579 in the service of ItalianJesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, Visitor of Missions in the Indies, in India. Yasuke was present during the Honnō-ji Incident, the forced suicide of Oda Nobunaga at the hands of his samurai general Akechi Mitsuhide on 21 June 1582.^[4] Yasuke is thought by some to have been the first African that Nobunaga had ever seen, but he was one of the many Africans to have come with the Portuguese to Japan during the Nanban trade.^[5][6]

Theories about early life[edit]

Screamride xbox 360 youtube app. According to Histoire ecclésiastique des isles et royaumes du Japon, written by François Solier of the Society of Jesus in 1627, Yasuke was likely from Mozambique.^[7] Solier's account may, however, have been an assumption, as it was written so long after the event. There is no surviving contemporary account that corroborates it.

This would be consistent with other accounts of Africans from Mozambique in Japan. According to Fujita Midori, the first African people who came to Japan were Mozambican. They reached Japan in 1546 as shipmates or slaves who served Portuguese captain Jorge Álvares (not to be confused with another explorer of the same name who died in 1521).^[8]

A 2013 investigation by Discovery of the World's Mysteries (世界ふしぎ発見), a popular television program, suggested that Yasuke was a Makua named Yasufe.^[9] This name seems to be derived from the more popular Mozambican name, Issufo.^[10] This investigation did not necessarily meet journalistic standards, and the program provided little evidence for its conclusions. The Makua are not documented as having had any significant contact until 1585 with the Portuguese based in Mozambique.^[11]

Yasuke may have been a member of the Yao people,^[12] or from the more inland area of Mozambique.^[13] Yao people were just coming into contact with the Portuguese at the time, which might account for his name: that is, Yao added to the common Japanese male name suffix of suke (Yao-suke).^[12]

According to another theory, Yasuke was a Habshi from Ethiopia. Thomas Lockley suggested that this theory is most convincing. Like Yasuke, the Habshi were called Cafre by the Portuguese; they were well‐built and skilled soldiers, unlike other east Africans who suffered from famine.^[14] According to this theory, his original name might be the Ethiopian Yisake or Portuguese Isaque, derived from Isaac.^[15]Yasufe was also used as a surname in Ethiopia.^[16]

It is also possible that Yasuke was a Dinka from South Sudan. He was famous for his height and extremely dark skin color. The Dinka people are among the tallest in Africa, and have darker skin than the Ethiopians, Eritreans, or Somalis. Adult Dinka men had a ritual custom of drawing decorative patterns on their faces by tattooing, but no account of Yasuke having a face pattern was recorded.^[17]

Documented life in Japan[edit]

Yasuke arrived in Japan in 1579 in the service of the Italian Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, who had been appointed the Visitor (inspector) of the Jesuit missions in the Indies (East Africa, South and East Asia). He accompanied Valignano when the latter came to the capital area in March 1581 and his appearance caused a lot of interest with the local people.^[18]

When Yasuke was presented to Oda Nobunaga, the Japanese Daimyō thought that his skin must have been coloured with black ink. Nobunaga had him strip from the waist up and made him scrub his skin.^[19] These events are recorded in a 1581 letter of the Jesuit Luís Fróis to Lourenço Mexia, and in the 1582 Annual Report of the Jesuit Mission in Japan, also by Fróis. These were published in Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão e China II (1598), normally known simply as Cartas.^[20] When Nobunaga realized that the African's skin was in fact black, he took an interest in him.

The Lord Nobunaga Chronicle (信長公記Shinchō Kōki) corroborates Fróis's account. It describes the meeting thus: 'On the 23rd of the 2nd month [23 March 1581], a black page (黒坊主kuro-bōzu) came from the Christian countries. The man was healthy with a good demeanour and Nobunaga praised Yasuke's strength. Nobunaga's nephew gave him a sum of money at this first meeting.^[21]

On 14 May, Yasuke departed for Echizen Province with Fróis and the other Christians. During this trip, they met local warlords such as Shibata Katsutoyo, Hashiba Hidekatsu, and Shibata Katsuie.^[22] They returned to Kyoto on 30 May.^[23] At some point, although when is not clear, Yasuke entered Nobunaga's service.

It is likely that Yasuke could speak or was taught considerable Japanese, perhaps due to Valignano's efforts to ensure his missionaries adapted well to the local culture.^[24] Nobunaga enjoyed talking with him (there is no indication that Nobunaga spoke Portuguese, and it is unlikely that Yasuke would have been able to communicate in classical Chinese, the Asian lingua franca of the time). He was perhaps the only non-Japanese retainer that Nobunaga had in his service, which could explain Nobunaga's interest in him.^[24] Yasuke was mentioned in the prototype of Shinchō kōki owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko (尊経閣文庫), the archives of the Maeda clan. According to this, the black man named Yasuke (弥助) was given his own residence and a short, ceremonial katana by Nobunaga. Nobunaga also assigned him the duty of weapon bearer.^[25]

After the Battle of Tenmokuzan, Nobunaga led his force, including Yasuke, and inspected the former territory of the Takeda clan. On his way back, he met Tokugawa Ieyasu. Matsudaira Ietada, the retainer of Ieyasu described Yasuke as '6 shaku 2 sun (6 ft. 2 in., or 188 cm.). He was black, and his skin was like charcoal.' Matsudaira stated that he was named Yasuke (弥介).^[26]

In June 1582, Nobunaga was attacked and forced to commit seppuku in Honnō-ji in Kyoto by the army of Akechi Mitsuhide. Yasuke was there at the time and helped fight the Akechi forces. Immediately after Nobunaga's death, Yasuke went to join Nobunaga's heir Oda Nobutada who was trying to rally the Oda forces at Nijō Castle. Yasuke fought alongside the Nobutada forces but was eventually captured. When Yasuke was presented to Akechi, the warlord allegedly said that the black man was an animal as well as not Japanese and should thus not be killed, but taken to the Christian church in Kyoto, the Nanbanji (南蛮寺).^[19][27] However, there is some doubt regarding the credibility of this fate.^[28] There is no further written information about him after this.

Possible artworks depicting Yasuke[edit]

Star trek online walkthrough. There is no confirmed portrait of Yasuke drawn by a contemporary.

Kanō Eitoku was a distinguished painter patronized by Nobunaga. Eitoku had an audience with Nobunaga when Yasuke served him. The Kanō school was famous for their Nanban byōbu, and there is at least one byōbu depicting a well-dressed black man who could be Yasuke.^[29]

An inkstone box made by a Rinpa artist in 1590s, owned by Museu do Caramulo, depicts a black man wearing high-class clothing, who does not appear to be subordinate to the Portuguese. It is possible that this man is Yasuke in Portuguese attire.^[29]

Sumō yūrakuzu byōbu, drawn in 1605 by an anonymous artist, depicts a dark-skinned wrestler with a Japanese man in the presence of noble samurai. This samurai is said to be Oda Nobunaga or Toyotomi Hideyoshi.^[30] Nobunaga was famous for his fondness for sumo and held many official matches. This byōbu is owned by Sakai City Museum.^[30]

Representation in other media[edit]

• In 1968, author Yoshio Kurusu published a children's book, Kurosuke, about this figure.^[31]
• Since the late 20th century, Japanese TV 'period dramas' (Jidaigeki) and manga have also been produced about Yasuke.^[31]
• The 2017 video game Nioh, and its 2020 sequel, feature a fictional portrayal of Yasuke as a character.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^彌(ya) is the old-style kanji of 弥(ya). 助(suke) and 介(suke) are homophonic kanji. Such replacement of homophonics was often seen in Edo period
2. ^Mohamud, Naima (October 14, 2019). 'The mysterious life of an African samurai' – via www.bbc.co.uk.
3. ^Matsudaira, Ietada (1968). Ietada nikki. Kyōto: Rinsen Shoten. pp. 14–15. ISBN9784047033047.
4. ^Ōta, Gyūichi (2017). Shinchō kōki. : Chikuma Shobō. ISBN 9784480097774. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō. ISBN9784480097774.
5. ^Cooper, Michael (1965). They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543 —1640. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN0520045092.
6. ^Cooper, Michael (1965). They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543 —1640,. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN0520045092.
7. ^Histoire ecclésiastique des isles et royaumes du Japon [Ecclesiastical History of the Isles and Kingdoms of Japan] (in French). 1. p. 444. Archived from the original on 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
8. ^Fujita, pp.1–2.
9. ^'信長最期の刻 — 本能寺にいた「漆黒のサムライ」を追え！' (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
10. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 199–200
11. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 180–181
12. ^ ^abLockley 2017, pp. 200–202
13. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 181–182
14. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 193–94.
15. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 198–202.
16. ^Lockley 2017, p. 200.
17. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 187–88.
18. ^Hollingworth, William (2019-06-15). ''African Samurai': The story of Yasuke — black samurai and warlord's confidant'. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
19. ^ ^abFujita, pp.8–9.
20. ^1581 letters of the Jesuits Luis Frois and Lorenço Mexia
21. ^Lockley 2017, p. 65.
22. ^Fujita, pp. 7–8.
23. ^Fujita, p. 8.
24. ^ ^abLockley, T. (2016), The Story of Yasuke: Nobunaga’s Black Retainer, 桜文論叢, p. 91.
25. ^「織田信長という歴史　『信長記』の彼方へ」、Bensei Shuppan: Tokyo, 2009, pp. 311–12.
26. ^Lockley 2017, pp. 77–79.
27. ^Murakami, Naojiro; Yanagitani, Takeo (2002). イエズス会日本年報 上 (新異国叢書) [Society of Jesus – Japan Annual Report, first volume]. New Foreign country (in Japanese). Yushodo-shuppan. ISBN978-484191000-1.
28. ^咲村庵 『明智光秀の正体』 73頁　2017年　ブイツーソリューション
29. ^ ^abLockley 2017, pp. 147–148
30. ^ ^ab『第八回特別展　すもう　天下の力士』、葛城市博物館、2007年、10p
31. ^ ^abJozuka, Eimiko (19 May 2019). 'African samurai: The enduring legacy of a black warrior in feudal Japan'. CNN. Retrieved 21 May 2019.

Specific[edit]

• Fujita, Midori (2005). アフリカ「発見」日本におけるアフリカ像の変遷 [Discover Africa―History of African image in Japan (World History series)] (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten. ISBN978-4000268530.
• Lockley, Thomas (February 2017), 信長と弥助――本能寺を生き延びた黒人侍――, translated by 不二淑子, 太田出版, ISBN978-4-7783-1556-6
• Lockley, T. (2016) 'The Story of Yasuke: Nobunaga's Black Retainer', 桜文論叢、91

General[edit]

• Matsuda, Kiichi, ed., Jūroku-jūnanaseiki Iezusukai Nihon Hōkokushuu, Hōdōsha, 1987–1998.
• Ōta, Gyūichi, Shinchōkōki, 1622.
• Lockley, Thomas, African Samurai : The True Story of a Legendary Black Warrior in Feudal Japan (in USA), Yasuke: The true story of the legendary African Samurai (in GB), 2019.

External links[edit]

• Yasuke: The Real AfroSamurai (documentary)